The "Back the Blue Act of 2025" introduces new federal offenses and strengthens existing protections for law enforcement officers, federal judges, and federally funded public safety officers. It makes it unlawful to kill, attempt to kill, or conspire to kill a United States judge, a Federal law enforcement officer, or a federally funded public safety officer while they are engaged in or on account of their official duties. Violators face severe penalties, including imprisonment for not less than 10 years or life, or the death penalty if death results. The bill also creates a new federal offense for assaulting federally funded State or local law enforcement officers , with penalties varying based on the severity of injury or use of a deadly weapon, ranging from up to 1 year to not less than 20 years imprisonment. Federal prosecution for assault requires certification from the Attorney General, ensuring federal interest or state request. Furthermore, it establishes an offense for interstate or foreign flight to avoid prosecution for killing federal judges, federal law enforcement officers, or federally funded public safety officers, carrying a penalty of not less than 10 years imprisonment. To enhance accountability, the bill adds killing a law enforcement officer, prosecutor, judge, or first responder as a specific aggravating factor for the federal death penalty . It also limits federal habeas corpus relief for state court judgments involving the killing of public safety officers or judges, making such applications subject to stricter time limitations and precluding federal courts from considering sentencing claims already adjudicated in state courts. The legislation expands self-defense rights for law enforcement officers , allowing sworn officers to carry firearms in federal facilities and school zones, and clarifying that the authority to carry concealed firearms includes magazines. The Attorney General is mandated to promulgate regulations to implement these expanded firearm carrying rights. Finally, the bill authorizes up to $20,000,000 annually for fiscal years 2026 through 2030 in grants to State, local, or tribal law enforcement agencies and nongovernmental organizations. These grants aim to improve community relations by promoting trust, developing responsive policies, balancing technology use with privacy, encouraging community-based partnerships, and supporting officer wellness and safety.