The "Foreign Agricultural Restrictions to Maintain Local Agriculture and National Defense Act of 2025," or FARMLAND Act of 2025, seeks to enhance federal oversight of foreign investment in the United States agricultural sector. Congress finds that agriculture is vital for national security and economic prosperity, and that strategic competitors, particularly China, pose risks through increased agricultural investments, intellectual property theft, and potential disruption of the U.S. agriculture sector. The bill asserts that the Federal Government must modernize existing laws to monitor and prevent malign actions by foreign entities of concern. To achieve this, the bill amends the Agricultural Foreign Investment Disclosure Act of 1978 (AFIDA) by increasing civil penalties for failing to submit required reports or submitting false information, and mandates public disclosure of non-compliant persons. It also requires the Secretary of Agriculture to conduct a nationwide outreach program to educate stakeholders about reporting requirements. Furthermore, it introduces new due diligence requirements for entities involved in the purchase or transfer of agricultural land, requiring them to certify compliance with AFIDA. The legislation establishes a new position within the Department of Agriculture: a Chief of Operations of Investigative Actions, responsible for monitoring AFIDA compliance, conducting investigations into malign efforts to steal agricultural knowledge, and referring national security concerns to the Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States (CFIUS). This Chief will also publish annual reports summarizing foreign investment data. The bill defines "foreign entity of concern" and "malign effort" to clarify the scope of these investigative actions. A significant provision expands CFIUS's authority to review certain real estate purchases by "foreign entities of concern," specifically those exceeding $5,000,000 in value or 320 acres, and primarily used for agriculture, fossil fuel extraction, or critical precursor materials. The Secretary of Agriculture and the Commissioner of Food and Drugs are added to CFIUS membership to ensure agricultural and food security considerations are integrated into national security reviews. CFIUS will also be required to include a list of real estate owned by foreign entities of concern in its annual report. Finally, the bill mandates the joint development of a publicly available database of foreign-owned agricultural land by the Secretaries of Agriculture and Homeland Security, using existing disclosure data. It also prohibits foreign persons who own or operate agricultural land from participating in Farm Service Agency programs, imposing civil penalties for non-compliance. The bill authorizes significant appropriations to support these new oversight, investigative, and data management initiatives.