The Arctic Security and Diplomacy Act seeks to enhance the security of the Arctic region and United States sovereignty by addressing threats from foreign adversaries, primarily the People's Republic of China and the Russian Federation. Congress finds these nations engage in territorial expansion, influence operations, sabotage of critical infrastructure, and espionage, significantly expanding military presence and using dual-use civilian and military infrastructure. China, for instance, has declared itself a "Near-Arctic State" and is attempting to become a "polar great power" through economic expansion and scientific investments, often cooperating with Russia on initiatives like the "Polar Silk Road." The bill establishes a policy to limit espionage and influence operations by foreign adversaries in the Arctic and U.S. waters, while also informing allied countries about these threats. A key provision requires foreign scientists and vessels to obtain prior consent from the U.S. Government to conduct marine scientific research in U.S. waters. Applications from vessels associated with foreign adversaries are generally prohibited, though the Secretary of State may issue a national interest waiver with congressional notification. The act also mandates the Secretary of State to develop a strategy to identify and combat these operations and to submit a comprehensive report on foreign adversary espionage and influence in the Arctic.