This bill, titled the "Visual Protection of Strategic Assets Act," significantly amends federal espionage law, specifically 18 U.S.C. §§ 793 and 795, to enhance protections for sensitive U.S. defense information and installations. It introduces new definitions for "countries of concern" including China, Russia, Iran, and North Korea, and identifies "covered persons" as their citizens or those acting on their behalf. A key provision establishes a rebuttable presumption that a covered person who photographs, videos, or tracks designated "high-value assets" or "tier-1 installations" does so with intent to harm the United States or benefit a foreign nation, unless they have prior approval from the Secretary of Defense. The legislation mandates the Secretary of Defense to maintain and publicly update lists of these critical assets, such as specific aircraft and nuclear command platforms, and installations vital for national strategic missions. Furthermore, the bill modernizes prohibitions on photographing defense installations by explicitly including digital photographs , video transmissions , and AI-enhanced visual depictions . Penalties are significantly increased, with violations involving high-value assets or tier-1 installations carrying up to seven years imprisonment, and violations by citizens of countries of concern resulting in five to ten years imprisonment, mandatory device forfeiture, and civil penalties. Convicted foreign nationals from countries of concern will also face visa revocation and removal proceedings.