This bill, known as "Kate's Law," significantly amends the Immigration and Nationality Act to impose substantially harsher penalties on individuals who unlawfully enter or reenter the United States. It increases the maximum prison sentence for illegal entry from two years to five years. Additionally, it establishes a new mandatory minimum of not less than five years imprisonment for any alien who enters illegally and is subsequently convicted of a crime punishable by more than one year. The legislation also significantly revises penalties for aliens who reenter the U.S. after being removed or deported, introducing mandatory minimum sentences and increased maximums for specific categories of offenders. For instance, aliens with three or more prior misdemeanors involving drugs or crimes against persons, or those removed for national security reasons, face higher penalties. Crucially, the bill mandates a minimum prison term of not less than 10 years for aliens who reenter after being removed if they had prior convictions for an aggravated felony, any felony, or a crime punishable by over one year of imprisonment, or if they were previously convicted at least twice for reentry violations.