This legislation aims to enhance federal oversight of ammunition sales by amending title 18, United States Code. It establishes a requirement for individuals and entities dealing in ammunition to obtain a federal license, similar to existing regulations for firearms dealers, and mandates detailed recordkeeping for all ammunition transactions by federal firearms licensees. A key provision prohibits the straw purchasing of ammunition , making it unlawful for an individual to buy ammunition on behalf of someone else legally prohibited from possessing it. The bill also introduces significant restrictions on bulk ammunition sales , making it illegal for licensees to transfer more than 100 rounds of .50 caliber or 1,000 rounds of other ammunition within a five-day period to an unlicensed person. Buyers must provide identification, complete an Attorney General form, and certify that their purchase does not exceed these limits, with licensees required to transmit these forms to the Attorney General for review. Crucially, the bill mandates that licensed importers, manufacturers, and dealers conduct a background check through the National Instant Criminal Background Check System (NICS) before transferring ammunition to unlicensed individuals. This process requires NICS to provide a unique identification number confirming the recipient is not prohibited from receiving ammunition or firearms, and licensees must verify the buyer's identity with a photo ID. To support these new requirements, the legislation authorizes $150 million to upgrade and maintain the NICS system. Finally, the bill includes a reporting requirement , directing the Director of the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives to annually publish a report on violations of the bulk ammunition sale restrictions, detailing trends and crime statistics for law enforcement.