The Water Affordability, Transparency, Equity, and Reliability Act of 2025 aims to provide substantial and sustained funding for critical water and sewer infrastructure across the United States. It allocates over $34 billion annually, drawn from the Treasury, to various federal programs administered by the Environmental Protection Agency, the Department of Agriculture, and the Indian Health Service. This funding is intended to remain available until expended, ensuring long-term investment in water quality and access. Specifically, the bill directs over $17 billion annually to Clean Water Act programs, including significant capitalization grants for State Revolving Funds and grants for pollution control and nonpoint source management. Another $16 billion is allocated annually for Safe Drinking Water Act programs, primarily for capitalization grants to states and technical assistance. Additionally, $525 million is provided for rural water services through the Department of Agriculture, and $1.05 billion for Indian Health Service water, sewer, and solid waste sanitation facilities. Beyond funding, the legislation mandates a comprehensive study by the EPA Administrator on water and sewer services, focusing on affordability , rate increases, and service disconnections. This study will also examine discriminatory practices by service providers and state program administrators, in collaboration with the Department of Justice's Civil Rights Division. Furthermore, it requires an evaluation of public participation in regionalization efforts and improved data collection on populations lacking services or facing disconnections due to unpaid charges. The bill significantly amends the use of State Revolving Funds (SRFs) under both the Clean Water Act and Safe Drinking Water Act. It increases the required amount of additional subsidization by states to not less than 50 percent of capitalization grants, where sufficient applications exist. New eligible uses for SRF funds include the acquisition of privately owned treatment works or community water systems from willing or unwilling sellers, and expenses related to canceling private operation contracts. The Safe Drinking Water SRF also gains new grant provisions for lead service line replacement , addressing PFAS contamination in public systems, and providing household filtration systems for contaminated private wells. Crucially, the legislation includes strong labor provisions , requiring states to permit recipients of SRF assistance to enter into project labor agreements and, to the maximum extent practicable, ensure their use for construction projects. It also expands existing drinking water grant programs, increasing funding for tribal drinking water initiatives and broadening school drinking water grants to cover lead infrastructure improvements beyond just fountains. Finally, the bill enhances drinking water assistance to 'colonias' by expanding eligibility for grants to covered entities beyond just border states.