The Lumbee Fairness Act amends the Lumbee Act of 1956 to extend **full federal recognition** to the Lumbee Tribe of North Carolina, making the Tribe and its members eligible for all federal services and benefits provided to federally recognized Indian tribes. This recognition ensures that all general federal laws and regulations applicable to Indian tribes will now apply to the Lumbee Tribe. For the delivery of federal services, members residing in Robeson, Cumberland, Hoke, and Scotland counties will be considered as living on or near an Indian reservation. The Secretary of the Interior is directed to verify the Tribe's existing tribal roll, based on its 2001 constitution, within two years to define the service population and determine needs. Additionally, the bill authorizes the Secretary to **take land into trust** for the Tribe, treating acquisitions in Robeson County as "on reservation" trust acquisitions. The legislation also clarifies that North Carolina will retain criminal and civil jurisdiction over tribal lands within the state. However, it provides a mechanism for the State to transfer jurisdiction to the United States through an agreement with the Tribe, with such a transfer taking effect two years after the agreement.