This legislation establishes a robust framework for imposing extensive sanctions and other measures against the Russian Federation. The overarching purpose is to exert pressure on Russia, particularly if it refuses to negotiate a peace agreement with Ukraine, violates any such agreement, or initiates another military invasion of Ukraine. Many of these sanctions are mandated to be implemented shortly after the bill's enactment, targeting various facets of the Russian government and economy. The bill mandates sanctions on key Russian government officials, including the President, Prime Minister, and various ministers and military commanders. It also targets foreign persons who knowingly support Russia's defense industrial base, facilitate deceptive transactions, conduct significant transactions with the Russian Armed Forces, or undermine Ukraine's military readiness, critical infrastructure, or democratic processes. Additionally, individuals involved in human rights abuses against Ukrainian citizens, such as forced transfers or deportations of children, are subject to sanctions. Sanctions are also directed at Russian oligarchs who have not opposed the war or continue to benefit from association with the Russian government, as well as those involved in transnational crime or activities undermining U.S. or allied security. The bill identifies and blocks foreign vessels used to circumvent sanctions, particularly those transporting Russian crude oil or other goods without adequate maritime insurance or in violation of price caps. Owners, operators, and insurers of such vessels, and foreign ports that service them, also face penalties. A significant focus is placed on Russia's financial sector, mandating sanctions on the Central Bank of the Russian Federation , Sberbank, VTB Bank, Gazprombank, and other state-owned financial institutions. Foreign financial institutions that knowingly facilitate significant transactions for sanctioned entities or engage in significant transactions with these Russian banks are also subject to sanctions. United States persons are broadly prohibited from engaging in transactions with these designated financial institutions. Further financial restrictions include prohibiting depository institutions and brokers from processing fund transfers to or from the Russian government or for the benefit of its officials. The Securities and Exchange Commission is directed to prohibit the listing or trading of securities of Russian government-affiliated entities on U.S. national securities exchanges. New investments in the Russian Federation by U.S. persons and purchases of Russian sovereign debt are also prohibited. The energy sector faces stringent measures, including a ban on new U.S. investments in Russia's energy sector and prohibitions on exporting U.S.-produced energy to Russia. Foreign persons who facilitate the maintenance or expansion of Russia's oil, gas, or other energy product production for sanctioned entities will also be sanctioned. The bill specifically mandates the implementation of a prohibition on importing uranium from the Russian Federation, including from Rosatom, and imposes sanctions on its leadership. The legislation closes a loophole in the existing ban on Russian oil imports by prohibiting the importation of energy products produced at refineries using Russian-origin crude oil. It also imposes sanctions on foreign persons involved in Russia-North Korea cooperation, specifically targeting those facilitating the transfer of arms or material support from North Korea for use in Russia's war in Ukraine, or providing financial services for such activities. The bill mandates sanctions on all foreign persons who have directed or participated in the kidnapping and wrongful repatriation of Ukrainian children. To further economic pressure, the President is required to increase the rate of duty for all goods imported from the Russian Federation, including energy products, to a rate of up to 500 percent ad valorem. Several exceptions are provided to these sanctions, including for humanitarian assistance (food, medicine, medical devices), intelligence and law enforcement activities, compliance with international obligations, certain civilian nuclear cooperation, and the safety of vessels and crew. Exceptions also cover official U.S. government or United Nations business, non-Russian oil transiting Russian territory, and wind-down operations by non-Russian entities or U.S. persons in Russia. The President may waive the application of sanctions for renewable periods of two years, provided a certification of national security interest and a report to Congress are submitted. Termination of sanctions against Russia is contingent upon the Russian Federation signing a peace agreement accepted by Ukraine and ceasing all military hostilities and efforts to subvert the Ukrainian government. Any such termination is subject to a period of Congressional review, during which a joint resolution of disapproval can be enacted. Finally, the bill includes a provision to repeal the sunset clause of the Iran Sanctions Act of 1996, making it permanent.