This legislation significantly alters the criteria for awarding attorney fees and litigation expenses in both criminal and civil proceedings. It mandates that courts shall award reasonable attorney's fees and other litigation expenses in criminal cases that proceed to trial and result in a verdict that is not a conviction. Specifically, the bill amends the Departments of Commerce, Justice, and State, the Judiciary, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act of 1998 to make these awards compulsory for non-conviction outcomes. Furthermore, it revises Section 2412 of title 28, United States Code, to require, rather than permit, the award of costs and fees in civil cases. These changes aim to ensure reimbursement for parties who successfully defend against charges or prevail in civil actions against the United States.