The ASTRO Act amends title 31, United States Code, to permit federal agencies to provide transportation for their officers and employees returning from space. This authorization applies when such transportation is deemed necessary for medical research, monitoring, diagnosis, or treatment , or for other official duties as approved by the NASA Administrator. Crucially, this provision is intended for the period before the officer or employee receives post-flight medical clearance to operate a motor vehicle. The bill mandates that the Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration submit annual reports to relevant Congressional committees detailing each instance of transportation, including the employee's name, a description, and associated costs, along with total instances and overall cost. No additional appropriations are authorized to implement this Act, meaning it must be funded through existing agency budgets.