This legislation, titled the "SNAP Reform and Upward Mobility Act of 2025," seeks to enhance the measurement of poverty in the United States and implement substantial modifications to the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP). It mandates the Director of the Bureau of the Census to collect comprehensive data from various administering agencies regarding Federal benefits, market income, entitlement income, and taxes. This expanded data collection aims to provide a more accurate determination of poverty and the anti-poverty effectiveness of federal programs, leading to the calculation of new poverty rates and an alternative poverty measure. A key component of the poverty measurement improvements is the establishment of a Commission on Valuation of Federal Benefits within the Census Bureau to develop recommendations for valuing non-cash Federal benefits. The Government Accountability Office (GAO) will also submit biennial reports comparing poverty rates calculated with and without this new supplementary data. These measures are intended to provide a more complete and transparent picture of poverty in the U.S. Regarding SNAP, the bill declares a policy to increase employment, encourage healthy marriage, and promote prosperous self-sufficiency among beneficiaries. It significantly strengthens work requirements by raising the age for general work requirements from 60 to 65 and for hour-based requirements from 55 to 64. The bill also tightens exemptions for work requirements in high unemployment areas and reduces the percentage of exemptions states can grant from 15% to 5%. Further changes to SNAP include a new requirement for states to contribute matching funds for program administration, starting at 10% in fiscal year 2025 and gradually increasing to 50% by fiscal year 2033. Eligibility criteria are modified, requiring households to receive a means-tested public benefit for at least six consecutive months, valued at not less than $50, to be deemed eligible for SNAP. Additionally, the bill mandates SNAP participants to cooperate fully with fraud investigations. To combat fraud and improve program integrity, the bill limits the number of authorized users on Electronic Benefit Transfer (EBT) cards to five and introduces a tiered penalty system for unauthorized EBT card usage, including benefit suspensions. States are also empowered to permanently disqualify retailers involved in food instrument trafficking or selling prohibited items for benefits, with specific exceptions and civil penalties. States can retain a higher percentage of recaptured SNAP funds, with the additional amounts earmarked for fraud investigations.