Fertilizer Research Act of 2023 This bill directs the Department of Agriculture to publish on the department's website a report on the U.S. fertilizer industry. Among other things, the report must include a description of the impacts on the fertilizer industry that influence the prices that agricultural producers receive for their products; a description of the size and value of the U.S. fertilizer market over the previous 25 years; a description of the importation of fertilizer into the United States and the impacts that antidumping and countervailing duties have on retail fertilizer prices; a study of market concentration of the U.S. fertilizer industry; an assessment of the regulatory environment governing fertilizer production, distribution, and usage; and a description of the extent to which current public price reporting of fertilizer is transparent for market participants and recommendations on whether further reporting is needed.