Federal Disaster Tax Relief Act of 2023 This bill extends rules for the treatment of certain disaster-related personal casualty losses and provides tax relief for losses due to wildfires and a certain incident involving a train derailment. Specifically, the bill excludes from taxpayer gross income, for income tax purposes, any amount received by an individual taxpayer as compensation for expenses or losses incurred due to a qualified wildfire disaster (a disaster declared after 2014 as a result of a forest or range fire). It also excludes relief payments for losses resulting from the East Palestine, Ohio, train derailment on February 3, 2023.