Federal Highway Aid Performance-Based Improvement Act of 2017 This bill directs the Department of Transportation (DOT) to carry out a six-year consolidated funding pilot program in three states, selected by DOT, to: (1) transform the federal-aid highway program to a performance- and outcome-based program, and (2) continue advancements made in prior enactments to streamline program categories. The bill sets forth eligibility criteria for participation by states in the pilot program.