To amend the Energy Policy Act of 2005 to direct Federal research in fossil energy and to promote the development and demonstration of environmentally responsible coal and natural gas technologies, and for other purposes.

Fossil Energy Research and Development Act of 2018 This bill amends the Energy Policy Act of 2005 to expand research, development, and demonstration for (1) carbon capture technologies for power plants, including technologies for coal and natural gas; (2) carbon storage; (3) carbon utilization; (4) advanced energy systems to improve the efficiency and reliability of, and to reduce emissions from, fossil fuel power generation; (5) rare earth elements; (6) methane hydrate; (7) carbon dioxide removal; and (8) methane leak detection and mitigation. The bill also directs the Department of Energy to convene an interagency task force to assess the potential for a national system of carbon dioxide pipelines.